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8月24日 苦恼来自于自己的认知苦恼来自于自己的认知
它有个很能干的丞相。每当遇到重大事情，都会先听听丞相的真知灼见。 有一天，忽然下起雨来，国王便问身边的丞相："这场大雨下得好不好？" "好！大雨一过，街道尘埃洗净，空气清新。国王您可以享受雨过天晴的美妙景物，又可以深入民间巡视民情。" 国王听了很高兴。 有一天，国王将要外出巡视时，天气非常炎热，热得国王汗流浃背，国王便问丞相："这样的热天，出门好不好！" 丞相不加思索："好！这样的天气，是印度近来少有的。国王出巡，将会更加了解我国人民在这样的炎热天气下，到底在做什么。" 国王觉得很有道理，便高兴地出去了！
这位国王与丞相都有共同爱好--打猎。国王每次打猎，都有丞相陪伴。
有一次，国王在检查猎具时，不小心被猎具斩断了一段拇指。他连忙询问丞相："我的拇指，被斩断一段，好不好？" "好！" 国王听后，不禁大怒，认为丞相落井下石，便下令将丞相关起来。 国王对国内牢房里的丞相说："现在你被关在牢房里，好不好" "好。" 国王被他气坏了。 "既然你认为很好，就在这儿多住几天！" 说完，很生气地走开了。 过了两天，国王的打猎瘾又犯了，他很想出去打猎，但有碍于面子问题，不愿意放丞相，只好一个人单独骑马去打猎了。 平时，丞相比较熟悉地理环境。因此，经常是满载而归。 那天，国王一个人单独打猎，在森林里追逐动物，几个钟头下来，没有收获。国王很不甘心，便骑着马四处寻找猎物。 不久，太阳西下，飞鸟归巢。 国王也累了，便下马来，牵着马儿走。突然，他发现四周的景物与地理环境非常陌生。他心想：一定迷路了！ 走啊走，忽然，国王不小心掉一个捕猎的陷阱中。 那陷阱很深，国王三番五次地想爬出洞口，但还是失败了。 过了不久，他听到有脚步声，越来越近，心中非常高兴，这回可有救了："救命啊"国王大声呼救。上面的人们把国王救起来。不过，那些都是邻国食人族的土著人。 几个土著人将国王带回部落。 国王被绑在一根柱子上，脚下堆积着一堆木柴，准备点火，吃烧肉。 国王因为语言无法沟通，只好哑口无言，等待奇迹出现，不然就难逃一死。 仪式开始了，酋长指示众人坐下，不一会儿，一名巫师便开始“祭礼"。他以清水喷在国王身上，然后，逐步检查他身体的各个部分。 当他检查到国王的手指，他大声感叹，然后不断摇头叹息。众人不知所以然，都感到惊奇。
巫师向酋长说："我们族人只吃完整的动物。这只动物是不祥物，因为它的拇指断了！我们不可以吃他！" 酋长立刻赶去查看，果然发现国王的拇指少了一截，便下令放走国王。国王在这千钧一发间捡回一条命。 国王回国后，马上赶到监狱去见丞相。 一见面，他就抱着丞相哭了起来："现在我知道为什么你说我的断指是好势头，他救我一命！我做错怪了你呢！"。 过后，国王又对丞相说："我关你在牢里十多天，好不好？" "好，好！” 为什么呢？国王不明白。 "陛下，如果你不抓我进监牢，我一定会随从你去打猎。若是我们一起被食人族抓起，你可以因为断指而保全性命，但我必死无疑，因为我很完整！" 一时间，国王茅塞顿开，领悟一个道理：每个事件都有好坏两面，是好，是坏，就要看从哪个角度看！正所谓：塞翁失马，焉知非福。 有一个人坐在沙发上抽烟，不小心烟灰把沙发烧了一个洞，他很懊恼，可是他的妻子却很平静，拿出针线把洞缝上了，而且还缝成了一朵美丽的花。这个人的妻子就是善于积极认知、积极行动的人。 8月21日 生物安全有多安全？How safe is biosafe?
生物安全有多安全？
By Richard Gray If foot and mouth can escape from an animal laboratory, can we trust the high-security labs that study deadly human diseases?
如果口蹄疫病毒能从动物实验室外泄，那我们还能相信那些研究致命性人类疾病的高安全性实验室吗？
Dressed in blue scrubs and disposable underwear, Simon Caidan cautiously transfers liquid into a series of vials inside the airtight cabinet in front of him. His arms are pushed up to his elbows in a pair of gloves sealed to the glass, preventing him from coming into contact with the potentially deadly material inside. 穿着蓝色防护服和一次性内衣，西蒙·凯旦谨小慎微地将液体移到眼前密封柜中的一套小瓶子里。他的双臂伸进封贴在玻璃上的套到肘部的一双手套里，以防接触到柜子里那具有潜在致命性的物质。
This is one of the most secure research laboratories in Britain, dealing with some of the world's most dangerous diseases. The threat posed by the pathogens kept here, on the outskirts of north London, is so great that the rooms are maintained at a lower air pressure than the outside to ensure nothing can escape when the doors are opened.
这就是英国最为安全的科研实验室之一，负责研究一些世界上最具危险性的疾病。它位于伦敦北部郊区，保存在这里的病原体具有非常大的威胁性，因此实验室的气压维持在低于外部的状态，以确保开门时不会发生任何泄漏。
All the air passing through the building is filtered several times to strip it of even the finest particles, while staff have to remove all clothing before entering and must shower before leaving. If there is a spillage, the entire laboratory can be sealed and fumigated.
所有通过实验室的空气都经过了数次过滤，以除去哪怕最细小的颗粒，工作人员进入之前必须脱掉所有的衣服，而且淋浴后才能离开。如果发生泄漏，整个实验室都要封闭，进行空气消毒。
Yet, despite these formidable safety measures, it is from a laboratory similar to this that a foot and mouth virus is thought to have escaped, infecting nearby livestock. Initial reports into the outbreak in Normandy, Surrey, have pointed to a high-security laboratory in Pirbright, three miles away, shared by the government-funded Institute for Animal Health and a private drug firm, Merial UK.
可是，尽管采取了这些强硬的安全措施，人们还是认为，就是与它类似的一个实验室泄漏了口蹄疫病毒，感染了附近的牲畜。关于萨里郡诺曼底所暴发的口蹄疫疫情初步报告就把矛头指向了位于三英里之外皮尔布赖特的一所高安全性实验室，这所实验室由政府资助的动物卫生研究所和私营的英国梅里亚尔药品公司共管。 The incident has sparked grave concerns about the state of the country's secure laboratories and the threat they pose. If a virus can escape from one such laboratory, can it happen again? And next time, could it be from a lab handling deadly human diseases?
该事件引发了人们对英国安全实验室的状况及其所构成威胁的严重关切。如果病毒能从这种实验室外泄，那么此类事件是否可能再次发生？而且下一次，病毒是否会从致命性人类疾病实验室中外泄？
In Britain, there are 15 "Containment Level Four" laboratories, the maximum biosecurity level, across the country. Each handles some of the deadliest organisms known to man and animals: diseases that are highly infectious, fatal even in low doses and impossible to treat.
英国拥有15所“四级防护实验室”，即最高生物安全级别实验室。每所实验室都负责研究一些在人类和动物身上已发现的最致命的生物体：具有高度传染性的疾病，哪怕是很小剂量也会致命，而且绝无治疗的可能。
"I am surprised there has been a release from a facility in the UK, of all places," said Dr Ingegerd Kallings, an expert on biosafety for the World Health Organisation and the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control. "You have good regulations in place." For Dr Kallings, the escape of foot and mouth into the countryside around the Pirbright laboratory illustrates the weak link in the world's biosecurity measures: people.
“我感到惊奇的是，恰恰是英国的设备发生了泄漏，”世界卫生组织和瑞典传染病控制研究所的生物安全专家英格德·卡林斯博士说。“你们有严格的规章啊。”在卡林斯博士看来，口蹄疫病毒外泄到皮尔布赖特实验室附近的乡下正表明了世界生物安全措施中存在的薄弱环节：人。
"It comes down to a lax attitude among the staff," she said. "You can't really blame the age of a facility for an escape, as ultimately the biosecurity is not a technical issue."
“归结到一点，就是工作人员态度松懈，”她说。“你的确不能把泄漏的原因归为设备老化，因为归根结底生物安全不是一个技术问题。”
What she, and other scientists, fear is that the tight regulations and safety measures can be rendered useless by carelessness. Adhering to safety protocols is tedious, and researchers can pick up bad habits or become complacent. Washing contaminated material down the wrong sink, for instance; carrying infected samples between rooms, or removing equipment from the laboratory before it has been properly decontaminated. All are hard to monitor and prevent.
她和其他科学家所担心的是，严格的规章制度和安全措施会因粗心大意而变得毫无用处。恪守安全议定书是件令人厌烦的事，研究人员会染上各种坏习惯或陷入自满状态。用错误的水池冲洗被污染的物品，拿着被感染的样本穿梭于各房间，或者未经适当消毒净化就将设备搬出实验室。所有这一切都难以进行监督和预防。
Malicious behaviour is even harder to control, if a member of staff decides to smuggle a virus out of a facility. Doctors and scientists, as the recent terrorist attacks on Glasgow airport showed, can be radicalised like anyone else and many experts have pointed at the folly of keeping stocks of dangerous diseases so readily at hand.
如果一名工作人员决定把病毒偷偷地带出实验室，那么恶意行为就会更加难以控制。最近格拉斯哥机场所遭到的恐怖袭击表明，医生和科学家与其他人一样会变得激进，很多专家已指出，将大量危险性疾病如此轻易地随手保存是件愚蠢的事。
Then there are the facilities themselves. Can a simple household electric shower, as used in the National Institute for Medical Research where Mr Caidan works, for instance, remove all traces of a virus?
设备本身也有问题。简单的家用电淋浴器，比如凯旦先生供职的国家医学研究所所使用的那种，能够冲洗掉病毒痕迹吗？
"Lab accidents happen more frequently than the public knows," says Ed Hammond, of the Sunshine Project, a non-profit-making organisation that monitors the use of biological agents. "They are not always as spectacular as the one in the UK, but I believe there's a real culture of denial about the scale of the problem."
“实验室事故比公众所知道的要频繁得多，”负责监控生物制剂使用的非营利机构“阳光计划”的埃德·哈蒙德说。“这些事故并不总像英国的这起这样惊人，不过我觉得，的确存在一种否认问题严重性的现象。”
In 2004, a Russian scientist working on an Ebola vaccine died after pricking her hand with a syringe, while in April 2005, a pandemic strain of Asian flu was released by a laboratory in America after it was accidentally put into test kits sent to scientists around the world. The last known case of smallpox occurred in 1978, when a researcher at Birmingham University was infected. No lab accident has resulted in the death of a member of the public… so far.
2004年，一位从事埃博拉病毒疫苗研究的俄罗斯科学家因注射器扎伤了手而去世，2005年4月，一种亚洲型流感病株因不慎放入发往全世界科学家的试验箱而导致从美国一家实验室外泄。最后一个为人所知的天花案例发生在1978年，当时伯明翰大学的一名研究人员受到感染。到目前为止，尚没有一起实验室事故导致公众死亡。
But campaigners fear that, with more and more research being carried out on these hazardous organisms, the risk of accidents and escapes is increasing. The viruses kept in Containment Level Four laboratories are among the most infectious. Just a few of the tiny organisms are needed to cause disease. Once out in the community, they would spread quickly, with little chance of controlling them, and there are effective treatments for few of them.
但是社会活动人士担心，随着对这些危险生物体的研究日益展开，事故和外泄的风险也在增加。保存在四级防护实验室的中的病毒都属于最具传染性的病毒。这些微小的生物体只需极少的一点就能致病，几无控制的可能，也没有有效的治疗方法。
At the National Institute for Medical Research, scientists are studying the deadly H5N1 avian flu virus. Samples from infected people are brought to the facility in London's Mill Hill for analysis. Researchers have also been working on the 1918 pandemic flu strain that killed about 50 million people. If this strain of the virus were to escape, it could cause a fresh pandemic, as virtually no one would have immunity. 在国家医学研究所，科学家们正研究致命性的H5N1型禽流感病毒。从感染者身上获取的样本被带到伦敦米尔希尔的实验室进行分析。同时，研究人员一直在研究1918年流感的病株，那场流感造成大约5千万人死亡。如果该病毒的病株外泄，就会导致新一场大流行病，因为几乎没有人会有免疫力。
"This is why the regulations have to be so strict," explains Mr Caidan, the head of safety for the site. "We are not just protecting our staff, but the environment and the general public."
“这就是为什么管理条例必须如此严格，”实验场地安全负责人凯旦先生解释说。“我们不只是保护自己的员工，而且还要保护环境和普通大众。”
So why are we taking the risk at all? "We need to carry out research on these organisms so we can understand them better and produce ways of treating them," says Prof Philip Duffus, an animal virologist at Bristol University. "We also need to handle samples for diagnosis of these diseases."
那么我们为什么要冒这个风险呢？“我们需要对这些生物体进行研究，这样才能更好地了解它们，想出治疗的办法，”布里斯托尔大学动物病毒学家菲利普·达弗斯说。“我们还需要研究样本，以诊断这些疾病。”
While the investigation into how the foot and mouth virus escaped from the Pirbright site continues, there are now doubts as to whether the laboratory is still fit for purpose. There are also questions about whether liquid waste from the Merial buildings and the Institute for Animal Health laboratory was treated sufficiently to kill any virus it contained, and investigators are still examining whether the disease could have been carried off the site by a member of staff.
尽管针对口蹄疫病毒如何从皮尔布赖特外泄的调查仍在继续，人们已经开始怀疑这个实验室是否还适用。同时，人们也在质疑梅里亚尔公司和动物卫生研究所排出的液体废物是否经过了充分的处理，杀死了其中的病毒，调查人员仍在调查疾病是否已被工作人员带出了研究场地。
One senior laboratory safety expert who recently visited the Pirbright laboratories has also raised concerns about the ability of the ageing facilities to effectively maintain biosecurity. "What I saw was quite shocking" he said. "There are some good scientists there, but the facilities are so old that the chances of making a mistake are much greater than at more modern facilities."
一名最近访问过皮尔布赖特实验室的实验室安全高级专家也对日益老化的设备能否有效维护生物安全提出担忧。“我所见到的情况非常令人震惊，”他说。“那里有优秀的科学家，但是设备太老了，与更为现代化的设备相比，出错的可能性很大。”
Regardless of the outbreak's cause, the safety of Britain's high-security laboratories will have to be improved. The WHO will publish new international standards for containing dangerous pathogens next year. The fear of the escape of a deadly human virus is sending many a shiver down white-coated spines.
不管泄漏的原因是什么，英国高安全性实验室的安全必须得到加强。国际卫生组织明年将发布国际危险性病原体保存新标准。致命性人类病毒外泄造成的恐惧令众多身着白大褂的实验室人员脊骨发凉，不寒而栗。
摘译自The Telegraph Aug. 14, 2007 8月8日 习作A Granny's Passion for Olympics
Chen Duo
Each delegation to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games is expected to be presented an album of Chinese traditional paper cuts made by a 96-year-old Beijing granny.
"Liu Qi said he hoped to present my paper cuts to all the delegations as a special gift at national level," said Lishufen, a retiree in Hujialou Cummunity of Chaoyang District in Beijing, when she recalled Liu, president of the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad (BOCOG), met with her during his inspection tour to the community last December.
Li has made more than 200 albums of paper cuts for the forthcoming Olympiad during the past six years, receiving a wide coverage of local media, which described her as the eldest "volunteer" of the Games.
The art of paper cutting, which uses scissors and knives to cut out patterns on paper, has been a major source of decoration in Chinese rural areas for more than a thousand years. Paper cuts are maily used during festivals to decorate gates and windows in China.
Packaged with yellow silk and red ribbons, all the albums, each with 20 paper-cut works, are well arranged in a cabinet in Li's bedroom. But it is far from an easy project, especially for a woman of nearly 100 years old.
In order to ensure her project to go ahead smoothly, Li has followed a strict routine during the past six years. She starts paper cutting at 8 o'clock every morning in her over-10-square-meter room, cooks and has lunch at 11:45. At 1 p.m., Li has a nap after lunch and half an hour later, she resumes her work.
"Six hours a day," she said,"I work just like an office worker." Years of work with scissors has brought a bean-size callous on the thumb of her right hand.
Li devotes much time to her paper cutting work, but also puts aside some time to take excercise. At 10 a.m., Li has a break and do a set of excercise choreographed by herself. "I must insure good health," Li said, "what if my eyes give up cooperation?"
"The excercise can help you decrease fatigue, relieve nervousness and stimulate blood circulation," she said proudly, showing the excercise.
If it were not for the silver hair, Li could pass for a younger woman. She is hale and hearty, and speaks clearly. She has never seriously ill, except for minor colds, during the past nearly a century.
By this April, Li had completed 240 albums, far beyond her desired goal -- 200. "Working with the scissors cheers my silver years," she said.
Li's passion for paper cutting all started with a casual cut when she was confined in bed after an injury on the waist in 2001, the year when Beijing won th bid for the 29th Olympic Games.
"Lying in bed, I had a strong feeling to have something to kill the time. Then it happened that there was a piece of paper on the nightstand. I took it and created a paper cut with my scissors," said Li.
The work rekindled her girlhood interest in paper cutting, and the time killer later developed into a passion for an ambitious dream when she found herself no longer satisfied with the subjects of grass, flowers and figures.
"Why not do something for the Olympics?" she asked herself.
"It [the Olympic Games] is symbol of world peace as many countries take part in the game just like a big family," Li said, "Since foreign guests like Chinese paper cuts, why not make some items to present to them?"
Li got it from newspapers that a total of 196 delegations will attend the event. "Then I set my goal -- making 200 albums of paper cuts." Li said.
"Technically speaking, it is not very difficult to master the art for women. The difficulty often comes in designing the patterns," Li said. She has read the Chinese classical novels, such as A Dream of Red Mansions and Outlaws of the Marsh, for several times before designing. "I must keep on reading to understand it deeply. Thus, the figures can come alive," said the education major of Fu Jen University in Beijing in late 1930s.
Now, Li has finished her works based on the figures in the above-mentioned novels. Further, she goes to gallaries to visit exhibitions as far as possible to broaden her horizens and get inspiration.
Apart from the Chinese classical novels, Li lists ancient Chinese scholars and men of letters as part of her subject matter, such as Confusius (551-479 BC), Qu Yuan (339-278 BC), an upright and outspoken ancient poet, and Li Bai (701-762), one of the most renowned poets of the Tang Dynasty (618-907).
"It is not enough just to tell that China is great. We need to show them." Li said, "We has time-honored culture and a large number of great historic persons. Show this to them, they will nod. So I do all this for the set purpose."
Meanwhile, Li incorporated the Olympic images into traditional Chinese paper-cut patterns to express her best wishes to the international event, which includes the Beijing dancing-man logo, the Fuwa mascots, the Olympic rings, "One World One Dream" and pigeon of peace.
One of her paper-cut works features five Fuwa jointly hold a Chinese character "Lian", which means "clean". Li explained,"As the Fuwa is symbol of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, the work signifies that Beijing will host a clean Olympic Games."
Her works not only have been repeatedly published on newspapers, but also on the radar of collectors in Singapore, the United States and Australia. Along with her Olympic project, Li has been learning Enlish. "So many foreigners come here in 2008, what if I couldn't talk to them? " Li said.
She gets up at half past five every morning and learns English over the radio at six. At night, she listens to another English program offered by Beijing Broadcasting Station.
With a little background of English education, Li does not think it hard to learn, except for some pronounciation. She hopes she can talk with foreigners in English in 2008. The dream seems not far away for the diligent woman, who worked as a part-time math teacher at the age of 14 because of her excellent performance at school.
Last May, some foreign students in Hujialou-based Capital University of Economics and Business were fascinated by Li's works during a cultural event in her community. "Li explained her paper cuts in English, while the students responded in Chinese. We were all amused by them," recalled Xu Shen, an official in charge of publicity in Hujialou Community.
Li was born into a farmer's family in 1912. At the age of 8, she had to work as a child labourer in town to make a living. Li made money in the daytime and attended an evening school at night. In 1938, Li tested into Fu Jen University in Beijing.
In 1948, Li founded Jianzhi Woman Vocational School, a part-work and part-study school for poverty-stricken women, enabling poor children to have free access to education. After 1949 when the People's Republic of China was founded, she worked in a cultural center and, in 1956, served as director of Chaoyang District Cultural Center. In 1983, Li set up Xingzhi Vocational School, the first private school in Beijing since 1949.
Li has two sons and four daughters, each with an established career. Her husband died of illness in 1975.
Now, while giving a final touch to the albums, Li has another two projects in the pipeline: a paper cut portraiting all Chinese Olympic champions and one featuring the national flags of all IOC member states called Global Village.
"It is my hope that my paper cuts show the greatness of China to the rest of the world and make it have a better understanding of peace-loving Chinese people," Li said.
8月7日 演讲新闻的写作一、导语的写作
撰写演讲新闻时一定要记住新闻模式。不要用演讲的题目做导语，而要用演讲中最重要或最具新闻价值的内容做导语。 应该对演讲者最具新闻价值的观点进行释义，用它来作为演讲新闻的导语。也就是五个“W”中的“what”。此外，演讲新闻的导语中还应包括“who”和“when”。比如： America's children risk getting lead poisoning from elementary school drinking fountains, a water quality expert said Wednesday.
因为描述一个观点会占据一句话的大部分，所以如果将五个“W”全部塞进导语，势必会使句子冗长笨重。比如： America's children risk getting lead poisoning from elementary school drinking fountains, water quality expert Bernard King said in a speech Wednesday at 7 p.m. in the Caldera
Room at the Civic Center to the Activist Consumers of America.
因为演讲者的中心思想应该成为导语的主要内容，所以第一句话中有关演讲者的具体内容就应删除。把演讲者资格和发起人的描述放到第二段中去。 在第一段中，记者甚至没有必要提到演讲者的名字。大多数人根本不知道Bernard King是谁。在导语中，记者只用了几个字对演讲者的身份做了介绍，表明他有资格做这个演讲，而把其他介绍放在了后面的段落中。 但是，导语中必须提到五个“W”中的“when”，这是新闻的时效性使然。不过对时间记者可以简洁明了地进行处理。在上面的新闻导语中，记者只用了星期几来交代该演讲进行的时间。 在导语中，记者不必对时间或地点交代得过于具体，比如：at 7 p.m. in the Caldera Room at the Civic Center。 演讲新闻的导语要以对演讲者中心内容的释译开始，长度要适宜。然后是演讲者简洁的身份介绍，通常不要太具体。不要交代演讲者的名字，一个好的导语通常只用一些名词来描述演讲者的专业领域。 演讲新闻的导语句子用两个单词结束：动词said和一个交代时间的名词（星期几）。 二、段落 演讲新闻的第二段有好多工作要做。它要勾画导语中间接提到的细节，还要概括五个“W”中剩下的两项内容：where 和why。 在第二段中，记者把将构成整篇文章主题的中心内容放在一边。而是交代该演讲的背景，说明演讲进行的地点（where）和原因（why）。 在上面的新闻中，第二段一开始就交代了演讲者的名字，对他做了更为详细的描述： Bernard King, a professor of chemistry at Wilsonia University------- 说明了演讲者的身份之后，又用了动词spoke和前置词短语来解释他做演讲的地点和原因。 Bernard King, a professor of chemistry at Wilsonia University， spoke to the Activist Consumers of America at their annual membership dinner in the Caldera Room at the Civic Center.
接下来的两段应该采用演讲者的直接引语。引语应回到导语中提到的中心思想，与其有所关联。 “Lead in the pipes of elementary school water fountains may be hurting our children,” said King.
“Now, I don't want to worry anyone,” King continued. One sip of water from a fountain will not harm a child, he said.
开头部分写完后，记者就可以用idea-evidence构造报道的其他部分。可以用一句引语或者主要观点的解释开始，建构topical section，接下来提供更多的有关该观点的信息。
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